مجله پژوهش‌های کارآفرینی

مجله پژوهش‌های کارآفرینی

تحلیل هویت کارآفرینانه زنان: شناسایی عوامل مؤثر و پیامدها

نوع مقاله : علمی- پژوهشی

نویسندگان
1 گروه کسب و کار جدید، دانشکده کارآفرینی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.
2 گروه کسب و کار بین الملل و استراتژی، دانشکده اقتصاد و کسب‌وکار، دانشگاه آمستردام، آمستردام، هلند.
چکیده
مقدمه: هدف این مطالعۀ کیفی، شناسایی عوامل مؤثر بر ساخت هویت در زنان کارآفرین است. زنان برای ساخت هویت خود با چالش‌های بسیاری روبه‌رو هستند و عوامل مختلفی بر آن اثر می‌گذارد. مطالعات در زمینۀ هویت زنان کارآفرین به‌شدت رو‌به‌رشد بوده، اما همچنان پراکنده و نامنسجم است. این پژوهش درصدد است تا با مروری نظام‌مند بر پژوهش‌های پیشین، دیدگاهی منسجم‌تر از این حوزه به‌جا بگذارد.
روش‌شناسی: این پژوهش با رویکرد کاربردی و توصیفی، با استفاده از جستجوی نظام‌مند در بین سال‌های ۲۰۰۰ تا ۲۰۲۳، به بررسی پژوهش‌های موجود در پایگاه‌های دادۀ اسکوپوس و وب آو ساینس پرداخته و از مجموع ۸۴۹ سند، نهایتاً ۳۲ سند مرتبط با ساخت هویت زنان کارآفرین انتخاب شد. در بخش تحلیل، با استفاده از روش فراترکیب، داده‌های موجود تحلیل شده و پس از استخراج کدهای اولیه و ثانویه و متراکم‌سازی مفاهیم، شش بُعد مؤثر بر ساخت هویت کارآفرینانه در زنان و پیامدهای آن به‌دست آمد.
یافته‌ها: شش بُعد مؤثر بر ساخت هویت زنان کارآفرین شامل ابعاد ساختاری، جنسیتی، هنجاری، فردی، کسب‌وکاری و هویتی است. ابعاد به‌دست آمده به‌شکل یک مدل چندسطحی جای‌گذاری شدند که از سه لایۀ سطح کلان، میانی و خرد تشکیل شده است. هر یک از این ابعاد در سطوح مختلف بر موفقیت کسب‌وکار اثر می‌گذارد. در سطح خرد با انگیزه‌های فردی، ویژگی‌های شخصیتی و زندگی‌نامه‌ای روبه‌رو هستیم. سطح بعدی شامل عوامل هنجاری، انتظارات، کلیشه‌های جنسیتی و عوامل مرتبط با کسب‌وکار است و سطح کلان با ساختارهای سیاسی، اقتصادی، اجتماعی و حمایتی مرتبط می‌شود. همچنین پیامدهای ساخت هویت کارآفرینانه، از جمله عوامل جاذب و دافع، طی این پژوهش شناسایی شد. ساخت هویت کارآفرینانه موجب رفع هویت‌های اَنگ و جذب فرصت‌های جدید اجتماعی-اقتصادی برای زنان می‌شود.
نتیجه‌گیری/ دستاوردها: نتایج بر اهمیت هویت کارآفرینی در تسهیل و شکل‌دهی فرآیندهای کسب‌وکار اشاره دارد و بر عوامل تأثیرگذار در ساخت هویت تأکید می‌کند. نتایج نشان می‌دهد که هویت کارآفرینی تحت تأثیر عوامل متعددی در سطح خرد و کلان است. این پژوهش بینش و راهنمایی‌های عملی را برای سیاست‌گذاران، زنان کارآفرین و سایر ذی‌نفعان درگیر در این فرآیندها ارائه می‌کند. این یافته‌ها می‌تواند از یک‌سو به رفع موانع در فرآیند ایجاد کسب‌وکار و از سوی دیگر به ایجاد اکوسیستم جذاب برای زنان کمک کند. این پژوهش نشان داد که بحث هویت و عوامل مؤثر بر آن، هر سه سطح فردی و خرد، سازمانی، کسب‌وکار و میان فردی و سطح کلان را در بر می‌گیرد. در ادبیات پژوهش، ساختارهای کلان اعم از عوامل سیاسی، فرهنگی و جنسیتی از اهمیت بیشتری برخوردار بوده و تمرکز پژوهش‌ها بیشتر به سمت عوامل کلان یا خرد است و به‌نظر می‌رسد حلقۀ مفقوده‌ای بین سطح کلان و خرد وجود دارد. این پژوهش نشان داد که نیاز است تا با تمرکز بیشتری بر هویت در سطح کسب‌وکار و هویت در سطح تیم‌های کارآفرینانه کار شود.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات

عنوان مقاله English

Women’s Entrepreneurial Identity: Identifying Its Antecedents and Consequences

نویسندگان English

Marzieh Tahmasebi 1
Kambiz Talebi 1
Mohammad Taghi Ramezan Zadeh 2
1 Department of Business Creation, Faculty of Entrepreneurship, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
2 Department of International Business and Strategy, Faculty of Economics and Business, university of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
چکیده English

Introduction: Entrepreneurial identity has emerged as an important concept in entrepreneurship research, particularly in understanding how women navigate entrepreneurial careers within gendered social contexts. Despite the growing body of literature on women’s entrepreneurial identity, existing studies remain fragmented and lack a comprehensive framework explaining the factors that shape entrepreneurial identity formation. Women entrepreneurs often face multiple challenges in constructing and legitimizing their entrepreneurial identities due to prevailing gender norms, social expectations, and institutional constraints. Therefore, this study aims to systematically identify the factors influencing the construction of entrepreneurial identity among women entrepreneurs and to examine the consequences of this process through a comprehensive review of the existing literature.
Methodology: This study adopted an applied and descriptive research design using a systematic literature review approach. Relevant studies published between 2000 and 2023 were retrieved from the Scopus and Web of Science databases. Following a rigorous screening process, 32 studies were selected from an initial pool of 849 documents based on their relevance to the research objectives and methodological quality. Data were analyzed using the meta-synthesis method. Through iterative coding, categorization, and concept consolidation, the key dimensions influencing women’s entrepreneurial identity construction and its consequences were identified.
Findings: The results revealed six major dimensions influencing the construction of entrepreneurial identity among women entrepreneurs: (1) structural factors, (2) gender-related factors, (3) normative factors, (4) individual factors, (5) business-related factors, and (6) identity-related factors. These dimensions were integrated into a multi-level framework consisting of macro, meso, and micro levels. At the micro level, entrepreneurial identity is shaped by personal motivations, personality traits, and biographical experiences. At the meso level, normative expectations, gender stereotypes, interpersonal relationships, and business-related factors play a significant role. At the macro level, political, economic, social, cultural, and institutional support structures influence identity formation. The study also identified the consequences of entrepreneurial identity construction, including both push and pull factors. The development of entrepreneurial identity enables women to overcome stigmatized identities, gain legitimacy, and access new social and economic opportunities.
Conclusion/Implications: The findings underscore the critical role of entrepreneurial identity in facilitating entrepreneurial processes and shaping business creation and development. Entrepreneurial identity is influenced by a complex interplay of factors operating across micro, meso, and macro levels. By providing a comprehensive understanding of these factors, this study offers valuable insights for policymakers, entrepreneurship support organizations, women entrepreneurs, and other stakeholders seeking to foster inclusive entrepreneurial ecosystems. The findings further suggest that existing research has predominantly focused on either macro-level structures or individual-level characteristics, leaving a significant gap at the intersection of these levels. Accordingly, future research should pay greater attention to entrepreneurial identity formation at the business and entrepreneurial team levels, where important mechanisms linking macro structures and individual experiences may be found.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Entrepreneurial Identity
Women Entrepreneurs
Multi-Level Model
Agius Vallejo, J., & Canizales, S. L. (2016). Latino a professionals as entrepreneurs: how race, class, and gender shape entrepreneurial incorporation. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 39(9), 1637–1656. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2015.1126329
Ahl, H. (2002). The making of the female entrepreneur: A discourse analysis of research texts on women’s entrepreneurship. JIBS Dissertation Series No. 015. Jonkoping International Business School. Available at: http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:3890/FULLTEXT01
Alvesson, M., & Willmott, H. (2002). Identity regulation as organizational control: Producing the appropriate individual. Journal of Management Studies, 39, 619-644. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6486.00305
Anderson A. R., Drakopoulou Dodd S., & Jack S. L. (2012). Entrepreneurship as connecting: Some implications for theorising and practice. Management Decision, 50(5), 958–971.doi:10.1108/00251741211227708
Anderson, A. R., Warren, L., & Bensemann, J. (2019). Identity, Enactment, and Entrepreneurship Engagement in a Declining Place. Journal of Small Business Management, 57(4), 1559–1577. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12406
Adeeko, N., & Treanor, L. (2021). Negotiating stigmatized identities: Enterprising refugee women in the United Kingdom. International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship, 40, 23-46. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242621997033
Arshed, N., Martin, G., & Knox, S. (2022). Ties That Bind or Blind? The Role of Identity and Place in Understanding Women Entrepreneurs’ Support Needs. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 47 (6), 2205-2232. https://doi.org/10.1177/10422587221134786
Ashforth, B. E., & Mael, F. (1989). Social Identity Theory and the Organization. The Academy of Management Review, 14(1), 20–39. https://doi.org/10.2307/258189
Berger, P. (1966). Identity as a problem in the sociology of knowledge. European Journal of Sociology / Archives Européennes de Sociologie / Europäisches Archiv Für Soziologie, 7(1), 105–115. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23988309
Bird, B., & Brush, C. (2002). A Gendered Perspective on Organizational Creation. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 26(3), 41-65. https://doi.org/10.1177/104225870202600303
Boddington, M.I. (2023). Reshaping gendered norms in entrepreneurship: Incorporating gender identity and entrepreneurial practice. Gender, Work & Organization, 31(2), 378-398. DOI: 10.1111/gwao.13075
Bruni, A., Gherardi, S., & Poggio, B. (2004). Entrepreneur‐mentality, gender and the study of women entrepreneurs, Journal of Organizational Change Management, Vol. 17 No. 3, pp. 256-268. https://doi.org/10.1108/09534810410538315
 Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Barragan, S., Erogul, M. S., & Essers, C. (2018). Strategic (dis)obedience’: Female entrepreneurs reflecting on and acting upon patriarchal practices. Gender, Work & Organization, 25(5), 575–592. https://doi.org/10. 1111/gwao.12258
Brush, C.G., de Bruin, A., & Welter, F. (2009). A gender‐aware framework for women's entrepreneurship, International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship,1(1), 8-24. https://doi.org/10.1108/17566260910942318
Cardon, M. S., Wincent, J., Singh, J., & Drnovsek, M. (2009). The nature and experience of entrepreneurial passion. The Academy of Management Review, 34(3), 511–532. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2009.40633190
Cardon, M. S., Post, C., & Forster, W. R. (2017). Team entrepreneurial passion: Its emergence and influence in new venture teams. The Academy of Management Review, 42(2), 283–305. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2014.0356
Chasserio, S., Pailot, P., & Poroli, C. (2014). When entrepreneurial identity meets multiple social identities : Interplays and identity work of women entrepreneurs, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 20(2), 128-154. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-11-2011-0157
Cesaroni, F.M., Sentuti, A., & Pediconi, M.G. (2021). Fading and transformation: how a woman entrepreneur's multiple identities interact throughout her life, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 27(4), 1033-1053. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-04-2020-0239
Chitac, I.M. (2025). Identity is a matter of place: intersectional identities of Romanian women migrant entrepreneurs on the Eastern-Western European route, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 31(1), 80-108. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-10-2022-0897
Corley, K. G., Harquail, C. V., Pratt, M. G., Glynn, M. A., Fiol, C. M., & Hatch, M. J. (2006). Guiding Organizational Identity Through Aged Adolescence. Journal of Management Inquiry, 15(2), 85-99. https://doi.org/10.1177/1056492605285930
Collins, P.H. (2019). Intersectionality as Critical Social Theory. Duke University Press, Durham.
https://doi.org/10.1515/9781478007098
Down, S., & Reveley, J. (2004). Generational encounters and the social formation of entrepreneurial identity: ‘Young guns’ and ‘old farts’. Organization, 11(2), 233–250
Duberley, J., & Carrigan, M. (2012). The career identities of ‘mumpreneurs’: Women’s experiences of combining enterprise and motherhood. International Small Business Journal, 31(6), 629-651. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242611435182
Essers, C., Doorewaard, H., & Benschop, Y. (2013). Family ties: Migrant female business owners doing identity work on the public–private divide. Human Relations, 66(12), 1645-1665. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726713486820
Essers, C., van der Heijden, B., Fletcher, L., & Pijpers, R. (2022). It’s all about identity: The identity constructions of LGBT entrepreneurs from an intersectionality perspective. International Small Business Journal, 41(7), 774-795. https://doi.org/10.1177/02662426221128464
Fauchart, E., & Gruber, M. (2011). Darwinians, communitarians, and missionaries: The role of founder identity in entrepreneurship. Academy of Management Journal, 54(5), 935–957. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2009.0211
Galloway, L. (2011). The experiences of male gay business owners in the UK. International Small Business Journal, 30(8), 890-906. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242610391324
Gioia, D. A., & Thomas, J. B. (1996). Identity, image, and issue interpretation: Sensemaking during strategic change in academia. Administrative Science Quarterly, 41(3), 370. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/2393936
Grimes, M. G. (2018). The Pivot: How Founders Respond to Feedback Through Idea and Identity Work. The Academy of Management Journal, 61(5), 1692–1717. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26528918
García, M.-C. D., & Welter, F. (2013). Gender identities and practices: Interpreting women entrepreneurs’ narratives. International Small Business Journal, 31(4), 384-404. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242611422829
Gill, R., & Larson, G. S. (2014). Making the ideal (local) entrepreneur: Place and the regional development of high-tech entrepreneurial identity. Human Relations, 67(5), 519-542. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726713496829
Glynn, M. A. (2000). When cymbals become symbols: Conflict over organizational identity within a symphony orchestra. Organization Science, 11(3), 285–298. Retrieved from https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/whem-cymbals-become-symbols-conflict-over/docview/213835103/se-2
Greene P. G., & Brush C. G. (2018). Introduction: The ABCs of women’s entrepreneurial identity – aspirations, behaviors and confidence. In Greene P., Brush C. (Eds.), A research agenda for women and entrepreneurship (pp. 1–26). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Hytti, U., Alsos, G. A., Heinonen, J., & Ljunggren, E. (2017). Navigating the family business: A gendered analysis of identity construction of daughters. International Small Business Journal, 35(6), 665-686. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242616675924
Hamilton, E. (2013). The discourse of entrepreneurial masculinities (and femininities). Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 25(1–2), 90–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2012.746879
Hamilton, E. (2014). Entrepreneurial Narrative Identity and Gender: A Double Epistemological Shift. Journal of Small Business Management, 52(4), 703–712. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12127
Haseki, M., Scott, C. R., & Gailliard, B. M. (2020). Communicatively Managing Multiple, Intersecting Identities Among Immigrant Women Entrepreneurs. International Journal of Business Communication, 58(2), 282-303. https://doi.org/10.1177/2329488420907139
Heizmann, H., & Liu, H. (2022). “Bloody Wonder Woman!”: Identity performances of elite women entrepreneurs on Instagram. Human Relations, 75(3), 411-440. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726720979034
Haslam, S.A., Gaffney, A.M., Hogg, M.A., Rast, D.E., & Steffens, N.K. (2022). Reconciling identity leadership and leader identity: A dual-identity framework. The Leadership Quarterly, 33(4). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2022.101620
Hosseinzadeh, M., & Kazemi, A. (2017). Identification of Barriers and Strategies to Improve Women's Entrepreneurship System Using Hard and soft Operation Research Methodologies. Industrial Management Journal, 9(4), 609-632. doi: 10.22059/imj.2017.239893.1007293
Imas, J.M., Wilson, N., & Weston, A. (2012). Barefoot entrepreneurs. Organization, 19, 563 - 585. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350508412459996
Jennings, J. E., & Brush, C. G. (2013). Research on Women Entrepreneurs: Challenges to (and from) the Broader Entrepreneurship Literature? The Academy of Management Annals, 7(1), 663–715. https://doi.org/10.1080/19416520.2013.782190
Kelly, G., & McAdam, M. (2023). Women Entrepreneurs Negotiating Identities in Liminal Digital Spaces. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 47(5), 1942-1970. https://doi.org/10.1177/10422587221115363
Kromidha, E., & Robson, P. (2016). Social identity and signalling success factors in online crowdfunding. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 28(9–10), 605–629. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2016.1198425
Lewis, K. (2015). Enacting Entrepreneurship and Leadership: A Longitudinal Exploration of Gendered Identity Work. Journal of Small Business Management, 53, 662 - 682. DOI: 10.1111/jsbm.12175
Lewis, K. V. (2021). ‘In the night kitchen’: Gender, identity and artisanal work. International Small Business Journal, 39(7), 662-680. https://doi.org/10.1177/02662426211005107 
Lewis, P., Rumens, N., & Simpson, R. (2021). Postfeminism, hybrid mumpreneur identities and the reproduction of masculine entrepreneurship. International Small Business Journal, 40(1), 68-89. https://doi.org/10.1177/02662426211013791
Lewis, P. (2013). The Search for an Authentic Entrepreneurial Identity: Difference and Professionalism among Women Business Owners. Gender, Work and Organization, 20, 252-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0432.2011.00568.x
McAdams, D. P. (2018). Narrative Identity: What Is It? What Does It Do? How Do You Measure It? Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 37(3), 359-372. https://doi.org/10.1177/0276236618756704
Mathias, Blake D., & Williams, David W. (2018). Giving up the hats? Entrepreneurs' role transitions and venture growth, Journal of Business Venturing, 33(3), 261-277. DOI: 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2017.12.007
Mmbaga, N., Mathias, B.D., Williams, D.W., & Cardon, M.S. (2020). A review of and future agenda for research on identity in entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 35(6), DOI: 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2020.106049
Marlow, S., & McAdam, M. (2015). Incubation or Induction? Gendered Identity Work in the Context of Technology Business Incubation. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 39(4), 791-816. https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12062
Marlow, S. (2020). Gender and entrepreneurship: past achievements and future possibilities, International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 12(1), 39-52. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJGE-05-2019-0090.
Martin, L.M., Jerrard, B., & Wright, L.J. (2020). Identity work in female‐led creative businesses. Gender, Work and Organization, 27, 310-326. DOI: 10.1111/gwao.12357
Murnieks, C. Y., Mosakowski, E., & Cardon, M. S. (2014). Pathways of Passion: Identity Centrality, Passion, and Behavior Among Entrepreneurs. Journal of Management, 40(6), 1583-1606. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206311433855 
Murnieks, C. Y., Cardon, M. S., & Haynie, J. M. (2020). Fueling the fire: Examining identity centrality,affective interpersonal commitment and gender as drivers of entrepreneurial passion. Journal of Business Venturing, 35(1), 105909. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/ j. jbusvent. 2018. 10.007
McCall, L. (2005). The Complexity of Intersectionality. Signs, 30(3), 1771–1800. https://doi.org/10.1086/426800
Mohammadian, B., & Bafti, A.S. (2023). Open Strategy and Competitive Advantage in the Age of Digital Transformation, Saini, A., & Garg, V. (Ed.) Transformation for Sustainable Business and Management Practices: Exploring the Spectrum of Industry 5.0, Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 31-40. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80262-277-520231004
Mohammadian, B., Zarei matin, H., Babashahi, J., & Yazdani, H. (2017). Understanding the Formation Process of Humility-Based Leadership in Business Using Meta Synthesis Approach. Transformation Management Journal, 9(Autumn & Winter 2018), 24-46. doi: 10.22067/pmt.v9i18.57784 [In Persian]
Mohammadian, B., Zareie Matin, H., Babashahi, J., & Yazdani, H. R. (2018). Intra-Organizational Humility: A Core Competency in New Century’s Organization Leadership. Journal of Public Administration, 10(4), 563-582. doi: 10.22059/jipa.2018.267862.2401 [In Persian]
Morris, M.H., Neumeyer, X., Jang, Y.S., & Kuratko, D.F. (2018). Distinguishing Types of Entrepreneurial Ventures: An Identity‐Based Perspective. Journal of Small Business Management, 56, 453 - 474. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12272
Moult, S., & Anderson, A.R. (2005). Enterprising women: gender and maturity in new venture creation and development, Journal of Enterprising Culture, 13(3), 255-271. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218495805000161
Orser, B. J., Elliott, C., & Leck, J. (2011). Feminist attributes and entrepreneurial identity. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 26(8), 561–589. https://doi.org/10.1108/17542411111183884
Navis, C., & Glynn, M. A. (2011). Legitimate distinctiveness and the entrepreneurial identity: Influence on investor judgments of new venture plausibility. The Academy of Management Review, 36(3), 479–499. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2011.61031809
Ozasir Kacar, S., Essers, C., & Benschop, Y. (2023). A contextual analysis of entrepreneurial identity and experience: women entrepreneurs in Turkey. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 35(5–6), 460–481. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2023.2189314
Ozasir Kacar, S., & Essers, C. (2019). The interplay between identity construction and opportunity structures: Narratives of Turkish migrant women entrepreneurs in the Netherlands. International Small Business Journal, 37(7), 713-731. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242619856809
Patzelt, H., Preller, R., & Breugst, N. (2021). Understanding the Life Cycles of Entrepreneurial Teams and Their Ventures: An Agenda for Future Research. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 45(5), 1119-1153. https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258720978386
Powell, E. E., & Baker, T. (2017). In the beginning: Identity processes and organizing in multi-founder nascent ventures. Academy of Management Journal, 60(6), 2381–2414. https://doi.org/10. 5465/ amj.2015. 0175.
Rugina, S., & Ahl, H. (2023). Patriarchy repackaged: how a neoliberal economy and conservative gender norms shape entrepreneurial identities in Eastern Europe. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 36(3–4), 266–293. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2023.2288637
Radu-Lefebvre, M., Lefebvre, V., Crosina, E., & Hytti, U. (2021). Entrepreneurial Identity: A Review and Research Agenda. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 45(6), 1550-1590. https://doi.org/10.1177/10422587211013795
Shepherd, D.A., & Haynie, J.M. (2009). Birds of a feather don't always flock together: Identity management in entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 24(4), 316-337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2007.10.005
Sadiqi, F., & Ennaji, M. (2006). The Feminization of Public Space: Women's Activism, the Family Law, and Social Change in Morocco. Journal of Middle East Women’s Studies, 2(2), 86–114. https://doi.org/10.2979/mew.2006.2.2.86
Sandelowski, M., & Barroso, J. (2007). Handbook for Synthesizing Qualitative Research. Springer Publishing Company, New York.
Stead, V. (2017). Belonging and women entrepreneurs: women's navigation of gendered assumptions in entrepreneurial practice, International Small Business Journal, 35(1), 61-77, doi:10.1177/0266242615594413
Stirzaker, R., & Sitko, R. (2019). The older entrepreneurial self: intersecting identities of older women entrepreneurs, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 25(8), 1748-1765. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-12-2017-0497
Swail, J., & Marlow, S. (2018). ‘Embrace the masculine; attenuate the feminine’ – gender, identity work and entrepreneurial legitimation in the nascent context. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 30(1–2), 256–282. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2017.1406539
Smith, R. (2014). Assessing the contribution of the ‘theory of matriarchy’ to the entrepreneurship and family business literatures, International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, Vol. 6 No. 3, pp. 255-275. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJGE-06-2011-0061
Tlaiss, H. A., & Kauser, S. (2019). Entrepreneurial Leadership, Patriarchy, Gender, and Identity in the Arab World: Lebanon in Focus. Journal of Small Business Management, 57(2), 517–537. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12397
Thompson-Whiteside, H., Turnbull, S., & Fletcher-Brown, J. (2021). How women in the UAE enact entrepreneurial identities to build legitimacy. International Small Business Journal, 39(7), 643-661. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242620979138
Wainwright, T., & Kibler, E. (2014). Beyond financialization: Older entrepreneurship and retirement planning. Journal of Economic Geography. 14(4): 849-864., Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2491516
Watson, T. J. (2009). Entrepreneurial Action, Identity Work and the Use of Multiple Discursive Resources: The Case of a Rapidly Changing Family Business. International Small Business Journal, 27(3), 251-274. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242609102274
Wingfield, A. H., & Taylor, T. (2016). Race, gender, and class in entrepreneurship: intersectional counterframes and black business owners. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 39(9), 1676–1696. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2016.1178789.
Yuval-Davis, N. (2006). Belonging and the politics of belonging. Patterns of Prejudice, 40(3), 197–214. https://doi.org/10.1080/00313220600769331
Zarei Matin, H., Mohammadian, B., & Modarresi, S. (2016). Social Capital Management, Tehran, Mehraban Publishers. [In Persian]

  • تاریخ دریافت 16 شهریور 1403
  • تاریخ بازنگری 08 تیر 1404
  • تاریخ پذیرش 09 تیر 1404