مجله پژوهش‌های کارآفرینی

مجله پژوهش‌های کارآفرینی

تأثیر عوامل فردی و کشوری بر نرخ فعالیت‌های کارآفرینی اولیه در کشورهای منتخب

نوع مقاله : علمی- پژوهشی

نویسندگان
وجیه باقرصاد 1
الهام گرمرود اسفندیاری 2
مرتضی اکبری 3
بهاره سازمند 4
1 گروه مدیریت، دانشگاه ملی مهارت، تهران، ایران.
2 گروه کارآفرینی سازمانی، دانشکده کارآفرینی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.
3 گروه کارآفرینی فناورانه، دانشکده کارآفرینی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.
4 گروه مطالعات منطقه ای، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.
10.22034/jer.2024.2042232.1197
چکیده
مقدمه: توسعۀ اقتصادی و اجتماعی کشورها در عصر حاضر، تحت تأثیر طیف وسیعی از عوامل قرار دارد. در این میان، عوامل فردی و عوامل سطح کلان (کشور) نقش به‌سزایی در تقویت کارآفرینی و تحریک رشد اقتصادی ایفا می‌کنند. از یک‌سو، عوامل فردی نظیر آگاهی کارآفرینی، دانش تخصصی و مهارت‌های شخصی، توانایی کارآفرینان را برای شناسایی و بهره‌برداری از فرصت‌های جدید افزایش می‌دهد. از سوی دیگر، عوامل سطح کشور، از قبیل آزادی اقتصادی، کیفیت مقررات و حاکمیت قانون، بستری نهادی و محیطی مساعد برای فعالیت‌های کارآفرینانه فراهم می‌آورند؛ بنابراین، هدف این مطالعه بررسی تأثیر همزمان این دو دسته از عوامل (فردی و سطح کشور) بر میزان فعالیت‌های کارآفرینی در مراحل اولیه است.
روش‌شناسی: این پژوهش با رویکرد توصیفی - تحلیلی و با استفاده از مدل‌های آماری به تجزیه‌وتحلیل داده‌های جمع‌آوری‌شده از منابع بین‌المللی طی دوره زمانی 2010 تا 2020 پرداخته است. جامعه و نمونۀ آماری پژوهش شامل کارآفرینان و کشورهایی با سطوح مختلف آزادی اقتصادی بود. تجزیه‌وتحلیل داده‌ها با استفاده از نرم‌افزار  SmartPLS نسخه سه به‌عنوان یک ابزار قدرتمند برای تجزیه‌وتحلیل مدل‌های معادلات ساختاری که به‌طور گسترده در تحقیقات اقتصادی و مدیریتی مورد استفاده قرار می‌گیرد، انجام شده است.
یافته‌ها: نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد که شبکه‌سازی با سایر کارآفرینان به‌طور قابل‌توجهی بر تقویت هوشیاری کارآفرینی، دانش و مهارت‌های شخصی مؤثر است. کارآفرینانی که از شبکه‌های حرفه‌ای قوی‌تری برخوردارند، سطوح بالاتری از این ویژگی‌ها را دارا بوده و این امر، توانایی آنان را در شناسایی و بهره‌برداری از فرصت‌های جدید، همچنین استفاده از دانش و تجربیات دیگران، افزایش می‌دهد. در سطح کلان، یافته‌ها حاکی از آن است که آزادی اقتصادی تأثیر مثبت و مستقیمی بر بهبود کیفیت مقررات و حاکمیت قانون دارد؛ به‌گونه‌ای که کشورهای با سطوح بالاتر آزادی اقتصادی، معمولاً از چارچوب‌های قانونی و نظارتی بهتری برخوردارند که حامی و تسهیل‌کننده رشد کارآفرینی است. بااین‌حال، نکته قابل‌تأمل این بود که حاکمیت قانون، احتمالاً به‌دلیل ایجاد چارچوب‌های قانونیِ بیش‌ازحد سخت‌گیرانه و کُندکننده، تأثیر منفی و معناداری بر فعالیت‌های کارآفرینی در مراحل اولیه (نوپا) دارد.
نتیجه‌گیری/ دستاوردها: یافته‌های این پژوهش حاکی از آن است که هم عوامل سطح فردی و هم عوامل سطح کشوری، نقش تعیین‌کننده‌ای در نرخ فعالیت‌های کارآفرینی ایفا می‌کنند. شبکه‌های ارتباطی، هوشیاری کارآفرینانه و دانش و مهارت‌های فردی به‌عنوان عوامل سطح فردی و آزادی اقتصادی و کیفیت نظارتی به‌عنوان عوامل سطح کشوری تأثیر مثبتی بر فعالیت‌های کارآفرینی دارند. بااین‌حال، حاکمیت قانون تأثیر منفی بر فعالیت‌های کارآفرینی دارد که نیازمند بررسی بیشتر است. بر اساس این نتایج، سیاست‌گذاران باید بر تقویت شبکه‌سازی میان کارآفرینان و افزایش آزادی اقتصادی برای تقویت رشد اقتصادی و کارآفرینی تمرکز کنند؛ چراکه بهبود کیفیت نظارتی و کاهش مقررات بیش‌ازحد سخت‌گیرانه می‌تواند فعالیت‌های کارآفرینی را بیشتر تقویت کند. علاوه بر این، ایجاد محیطی که به توسعۀ دانش و مهارت‌های فردی می‌انجامد، نیز از اهمیتی حیاتی برخوردار است. در مجموع، این یافته‌ها بینش‌های ارزشمندی را در اختیار سیاست‌گذاران قرار می‌دهد تا با تدوین و اجرای سیاست‌هایی هدفمند و مؤثر، مسیر توسعۀ اقتصادی و کارآفرینی را هموار سازند. 
کلیدواژه‌ها
حاکمیت قانون
کیفیت نظارتی
دانش و مهارت فردی
هوشیاری کارآفرینانه

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله English

The Influence of Individual and National Factors on Early-Stage Entrepreneurial Activity Across Selected Countries

نویسندگان English

Vajihe Baghersad 1
Elham Garmroud Esfandiari 2
Morteza Akbari 3
Sazmand Bahareh 4
1 Department of Management, National University of Skill (NUS), Tehran, Iran.
2 Department of Corporate Entrepreneurship, Faculty of Entrepreneurship, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
3 Department of Technological Entrepreneurship, Faculty of Entrepreneurship, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
4 Department of Regional Studies, Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده English

Introduction: The economic and social development of nations in the contemporary era is influenced by a wide array of factors. Among these, factors at both the individual and country level play a significant role in fostering entrepreneurship and stimulating economic growth. On the one hand, individual factors—such as entrepreneurial awareness, specialized knowledge, and personal skills—enhance an entrepreneur's capacity to identify and exploit new opportunities. On the other hand, country-level factors—including economic freedom, quality of regulations, and the rule of law—establish a conducive institutional and environmental framework for entrepreneurial activities. Consequently, the objective of this study is to examine the simultaneous impact of these two categories of factors on the rate of early-stage entrepreneurial activity.
Methodology: Employing a descriptive-analytical approach, this research analyzes cross-national data from 2010 to 2020, sourced from reputable international databases. The study encompasses entrepreneurs and countries with varying degrees of economic freedom. Data analysis was conducted using SmartPLS3, a robust software for structural equation modeling (SEM), widely recognized in economic and management research for its efficacy in examining complex relationships.
Findings: The results of this study revealed that networking with other entrepreneurs has a significant positive effect on enhancing entrepreneurial alertness, knowledge, and personal skills. Entrepreneurs with stronger professional networks exhibit higher levels of these attributes, which in turn increases their capacity to identify and exploit new opportunities and to leverage the knowledge and experiences of others. At the macro level, the findings indicate that economic freedom directly and positively improves the quality of regulations and the rule of law. Specifically, countries with higher levels of economic freedom typically possess more advanced legal and regulatory frameworks that actively support and facilitate entrepreneurial growth. However, a noteworthy observation was that the rule of law has a significant negative impact on early-stage (nascent) entrepreneurial activities. This is likely attributable to the establishment of overly rigid legal structures that create barriers and slow down processes.
Conclusion/ Implications: The findings of this research indicate that both individual-level and country-level factors play a determining role in the rate of entrepreneurial activities. Networking, entrepreneurial alertness, and individual knowledge and skills—as individual-level factors—along with economic freedom and regulatory quality—as country-level factors—exert a positive influence on entrepreneurial activities. However, the rule of law exhibits a negative impact, a relationship that requires further investigation. Based on these results, policymakers should focus on strengthening networking among entrepreneurs and enhancing economic freedom to foster economic growth and entrepreneurship. Improving regulatory quality and reducing excessively rigid regulations can further stimulate entrepreneurial activities. Additionally, creating an environment conducive to the development of individual knowledge and skills is critically important. In summary, these findings provide valuable insights for policymakers to pave the way for economic and entrepreneurial development through the formulation and implementation of targeted and effective policies.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Rule of Law
Supervisory Quality
Individual Knowledge and Skill
Entrepreneurial Consciousness
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  • تاریخ دریافت 09 مهر 1403
  • تاریخ بازنگری 29 آبان 1403
  • تاریخ پذیرش 29 آبان 1403