مجله پژوهش‌های کارآفرینی

مجله پژوهش‌های کارآفرینی

تحلیل الزامات زیست‌بوم کارآفرینی دانشگاهی

نوع مقاله : علمی- پژوهشی

نویسنده
گروه مدیریت، دانشکده علوم اداری و اقتصاد، دانشگاه اراک، اراک، ایران.
چکیده
مقدمه: در سال‌های اخیر، نقش‌ سنتی‌ دانشگاه از توجه‌ صرف در زمینه‌ آموزش و پژوهش‌، به‌ مشارکت‌ فعال در توسعه‌ اقتصادی منطقه‌ تغییر کرده ‌است. هم‌زمان ‌با تحولات جهانی‌ و تغییر در روابط‌ سه‌ عمل‌گرای اصلی‌ در نظام‌های ملی‌ نوآوری (صنعت، دولت‌، دانشگاه)، وظیفه کارآفرینی‌ بر‌عهدۀ دانشگاه‌ها قرار گرفته ‌است. با آشکار شدن ضرورت توجه‌ دانشگاه‌ها به‌ کارآفرینی‌ به‌‌عنوان یک‌ کارکرد محوری در کنار آموزش و پژوهش‌، فراهم‌سازی زمینه‌ مساعد برای کارآفرینی‌ دانشگاهی‌، بیش‌‌ از‌ پیش‌ اهمیت‌ یافته ‌است‌. براین‌‌اساس، دانشگاه‌های کارآفرین‌ محیط‌های مطلوبی‌ برای فعالیت‌های کارآفرینی‌ در اقتصادهای مبتنی ‌بر دانش‌ شکل‌ می‌دهند. دانشگاه اراک به‌عنوان یکی‌ از بازیگران مؤثر در زیست‌بوم‌ کارآفرینی در جهت ترویج کارآفرینی، ارتباط سازنده با صنعت و توسعه اقتصاد دانش‌بنیان اقدامات مؤثری انجام داده ‌است، اما مسأله‌ اساسی‌ در خصوص کارآفرینی‌ دانشگاه‌ها این‌ است‌ که‌ اعضای دانشگاه در چه‌ بستر و محیطی‌ می‌توانند اقدام به‌ فعالیت‌های کارآفرینانه‌ نمایند. در این پژوهش به بررسی الزامات پیاده‌سازی زیست‌بوم کارآفرینی دانشگاهی پرداخته‌ شده است.
روش‌شناسی: پژوهش حاضر از نظر هدف، کاربردی و توسعه‌ای، از نظر ماهیت داده‌ها، کیفی و از نظر نحوه گردآوری داده‌ها، توصیفی محسوب می‌شود. در ‌این تحقیق با‌توجه به تأکید بر ساخت‌دهی مسأله و ارائه راه‌حل مورد‌ توافق ‌و ‌تعهد، از رویکرد تحلیل ‌و ‌توسعه گزینه‌های استراتژیک (SODA) که از جمله رویکردهای تحقیق ‌در‌ عملیات نرم است، استفاده شده ‌است. سودا روشی مناسب برای حل مسائل پیچیده است که از نگاشت‌شناختی برای شناخت مسأله و آن‌چه ممکن است در مورد آن رخ دهد، استفاده می‌کند. منابع پژوهش حاضر را اعضای هیئت‌علمی دانشگاه اراک تشکیل دادند که با استفاده از روش نمونه‌برداری نظری، در مجموع با 11 نفر از اساتید دانشگاه اراک مصاحبه نیمه‌ساختاریافته انجام شد و نقشه‌نهایی با استفاده از نرم افزار Decision Explorer ترسیم و تحلیل شد.
یافته‌ها: پس از ترسیم نگاشت مورد توافق خبرگان، «عوامل فضاسازی رقابتی، مدیریت بازار و تعهد عاطفی» به‌عنوان هدف، «عوامل فرهنگی و اجتماعی، منابع مالی، نظام آموزشی و پژوهشی دانشگاه، حمایت و تشویق، فناوری و سیستم‌های اطلاعاتی و نیروی انسانی کارآفرین» به‌عنوان موضوعات مهم و «عوامل سیاست‌گذاری، قوانین و مقررات و مدیریت آموزش عالی» به‌عنوان گزینه‌های مهم در‌ نظر گرفته‌‌ شدند.
نتیجه‌گیری/ دستاوردها: با تمرکز‌ بر تقویت گزینه‌های‌کلیدی که تأثیر قابل‌ملاحظه‌ای بر موضوعات مهم دارند و موضوعات مهم نیز در سطح بالاتر که به‌نوبه‌ خود موجب رسیدن به هدف می‌شوند، اقداماتی از قبیل توجه به برنامه‌های راهبردی جهت توسعۀ کارآفرینی، حمایت تیم مدیریتی دانشگاه، توسعه سرمایۀ انسانی اعضای هیأت علمی و دانشجویان، تمرکززدایی مراکز تصمیم‌گیری کارآفرینی، ایجاد محیط داخلی مطلوب جهت شکوفایی کارآفرینی، تقویت احساس تعهد عاطفی در کارکنان، حمایت از مهارت‌های فناورانه و آینده‌نگری در تدوین سیاست‌های آموزش عالی با نگاه کارآفرینی می‌تواند در ساخت‌دهی زیست‌بوم کارآفرینی دانشگاهی نقش به‌سزایی داشته ‌باشد.  
کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله English

Analyzing the Requirements of Academic Entrepreneurship Ecosystem

نویسنده English

Amir Ehsan Zahedi
Department of Management, Faculty of Administration Sciences and Economy, Arak University, Arak, Iran.
چکیده English

Introduction: In recent years, universities have undergone a change in their traditional role from a mere focus on education and research to active participation in regional economic development. In parallel with global developments and changes in the relationship between the three main actors of national innovation systems (industry, government, and university), the task of entrepreneurship has been assigned to universities. With the revelation of the need for universities to pay attention to entrepreneurship as a central function alongside education and research, providing a favorable environment for academic entrepreneurship has gained unprecedented significance. Therefore, entrepreneurial universities create favorable environments for entrepreneurial activities in knowledge-based economies. Arak University, an influential actor in the entrepreneurship ecosystem, has taken effective measures to promote entrepreneurship through effective communication with the industry and the development of the knowledge-based industry. However, the basic question regarding the entrepreneurship of universities is, 'To what context and environment can university members engage in entrepreneurial activities?' This research investigates the requirements for the implementation of a university entrepreneurship ecosystem.
Methodology: The current research is applied and developmental in terms of purpose, qualitative in terms of data nature, and descriptive in terms of data collection methodology. Since the emphasis was on formulating the problem and presenting the agreed-upon and committed solution, the research adopted the strategic options analysis and development (SODA) approach, which is a soft operations research approach. SODA, which is a method suitable for solving complex problems, uses cognitive mapping to understand the problem and what may happen to it. The sources of the present research were the faculty members of Arak University. Eleven faculty members were selected using the theoretical sampling method for semi-structured interviews. The final map was drawn and analyzed using the Decision Explorer software package.
Findings: After drawing the map agreed upon by the experts, creating a competitive environment, market management, and emotional commitment were considered goals. Cultural and social factors, financial resources, the educational and research system of the university, support and encouragement, technology and information systems, and entrepreneurial human resources were considered important issues. Finally, policy factors, rules and regulations, and higher education management were considered important options.
Conclusion/ Implications: By focusing on strengthening key options that have a significant impact on important issues, which, in turn, contribute to achieving goals at a higher level, measures that can play an essential role in organizing university entrepreneurship ecosystems include but are not limited to focusing on strategic plans for entrepreneurship development, providing support by the university's management team, developing the human capital of the faculty members and students, decentralizing entrepreneurship decision-making centers, creating a favorable internal environment for the flourishing of entrepreneurship, strengthening emotional commitment in employees, and supporting technological skills and foresight in formulating higher education policies with an entrepreneurship perspective.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Entrepreneurial University
Entrepreneurship Ecosystem
Entrepreneurship Requirements
Entrepreneurship Education
Acs, Z. J., Autio, E., & Szerb, L. (2014). National systems of entrepreneurship: Measurement issues and policy implications. Research Policy, 43(3), 476-494. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2013.08.016
Amolo, J., & Migiro, S. O. (2015). An entrepreneurial flair development: the role of an ecosystem. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 13(2), 495-505.
Auerswald, P. E. (2015). Enabling entrepreneurial ecosystems: Insights from ecology to inform effective entrepreneurship policy. Kauffman Foundation Research Series on city, metro, and regional entrepreneurship. Retrieved from https://www.kauffman.org/wp- content/uploads/2019/12/enabling_entrepreneurial_ecosystems.pdf
Autio, E., Kenney, M., Mustar, P., Siegel, D., & Wright, M. (2014). Entrepreneurial innovation: The importance of context. Research policy, 43(7), 1097-1108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2014.01.015
Azar A., & Anvari A., (2013), Soft Modeling in Management, Tehran: Negahe Danesh, 35-81. [In Persian].
Bagnoli, C., Massaro, M., Ruzza, D., & Toniolo, K. (2020). Business models for accelerators: a structured literature review, Journal of Business Models, 8(2), 1-21. DOI:10.5278/ojs.jbm.v8i2.3032
Banha, F.M., Almeida, M.H., Rebelo, E.L. & Ramos, A.O., (2017). The main barriers of Portuguese entrepreneurship ecosystem: Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) approach. Tourism & Management Studies, 13(2), 60-70. DOI:10.18089/tms.2017.13206
Bergmann, H., Hundt, C., & Sternberg, R. (2016). What makes student entrepreneurs? On the relevance (and irrelevance) of the university and the regional context for student start-ups. Small business economics, 47(1), 53-76. DOI:10.1007/s11187-016-9700-6
Bezanilla, M. J., García-Olalla, A., Paños-Castro, J., & Arruti, A. (2020). Developing the Entrepreneurial University: Factors of Influence. Sustainability, 12(3),1-19. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12030842
Bhawe, N., & Zahra, S. A. (2019). Inducing heterogeneity in local entrepreneurial ecosystems: the role of MNEs. Small Business Economics, 52(2), 437–454. DOI:10.1007/s11187-017-9954-7
Brillyanes, S., & Samira, B. A.(2019). Building Startups: The Design Elements Of Startup Accelerators In Indonesia, Eurasia: Economics & Business, 8(26), 44-51. DOI:10.18551/econeurasia.2019-08
Brush, C. G. (2014). Exploring the concept of an entrepreneurship education ecosystem. In Innovative pathways for university entrepreneurship in the 21st century. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1048-473620140000024000
Cai, Y., Ma, J., & Chen, Q. (2020). Higher Education in Innovation Ecosystems, Sustainability, 12 (4376),1-12. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12114376
Cancino, C. A., Merigó, J. M., & Coronado, F. C. (2017). A bibliometric analysis of leading universities in innovation research. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 2(3), 106-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2017.03.006
Cohen, B. (2006). Sustainable valley entrepreneurial ecosystems. Business Strategy and the Environment, 15(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.428
Creswell, J. W. (2002). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill Prentice Hall.
Crișan, E. L., Salanță, I. I., Beleiu, I. N., Bordean, O. N., & Bunduchi, R. (2021). A systematic literature review on accelerators, The Journal of Technology Transfer, 46(1), 62-89. https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12145
Davari, A., Sefidbari, L., Khazaei, M., & Mousavi Jahromi, Y., (2022). Causal relationships between entrepreneurship, unemployment and economic growth in selected countries. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 27( 3), 1-30. DOI:10.1142/S1084946722500200 [In Persian].
Delić, M., Slåtten, T., Milić, B., Marjanović, U., & Vulanović, S. (2017). Fostering learning organization in transitional economy- the role of authentic leadership and employee affective commitment. International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences, 9(3/4), 441-455. DOI:10.1108/IJQSS-02-2017-0012
Eden, C., & Ackermann, F. (2001). Strategic options development and analysis: the principles. In: Rational Analysis for a Problematic World Revisited: Problem Structuring Methods for Complexity, Uncertainty and Conflict.  United Kingdom: Wiley, 2nd ed, 21-42.
Entezari, Y. (2023). Development requirements of university â based Entrepreneurship Ecosystems in Iran. Quarterly Journal of Research and Planning in Higher Education25(1), 1-25. [In Persian].
Etzkowitz, H. (2016). The entrepreneurial university: Vision and metrics. Industry and Higher Education, 30(2), 83–97. https://doi.org/10.5367/ihe.2016.0303
Fernández-Nogueira, D., Arruti, A., Markuerkiaga, L., & Saenz, N. (2018). The entrepreneurial university: A selection of good practices. Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 21(3), 1-17.
Ferreira, J. J., & Carayannis, E. G. (2019). University industry knowledge transfer unpacking the “black box”: An introduction. Knowledge Management Research & Practice, 17(4), 353–357. DOI:10.1080/14778238.2019.1666514
Fetters, M., Greene, P. G., & Rice, M. P. (Eds.). (2010). The development of university-based entrepreneurship ecosystems: Global practices. Edward Elgar Publishing. DOI:10.1080/14748460.2011.616329
Giannopoulou, E., Barlatier, P. J., & Pénin, J. (2019). Same but different? Research and technology organizations, universities and the innovation activities of firms . Research Policy, 48(1), 223-233. DOI:10.1016/j.respol.2018.08.008
Goudarzi, M., Naghi zadeh, M., & biglar, E. (2018). Factors Affecting the Success of the Biotechnology Accelerators in Iran. Innovation Management Journal7(2), 95-112. [In Persian].
Hahn, D., Minola, T., Bosio, G., & Cassia, L. (2020). The impact of entrepreneurship education on university students’ entrepreneurial skills: a family embeddedness perspective. Small Business Economics, 55(1), 257-282. DOI:10.1007/s11187-019-00143-y
Hariri, A., Naderi, N., & Shafiee, S. (2023). The Impact of Knowledge Management on Academic Entrepreneurship (Case Study: The University of Applied Sciences and Technology). Journal of Entrepreneurship Research2(1), 63-76. doi: 10.22034/jer.2023.1971438.1009 [In Persian].
Hassanpour, N., & Aghajani, H. (2022). Presenting a model of university accelerator formation with a psychological preparation approach for entrepreneurship (Experimental control: selected universities). Journal of Entrepreneurship Development15(1), 81-100. DOI:10.22059/jed.2021.331420.653782 [In Persian].
Hayter, C. S., Nelson, A. J., Zayed, S., & O’Connor, A. C. (2018). Conceptualizing academic entrepreneurship ecosystems: A review, analysis and extension of the literature. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 43(4), 1039-1082. DOI: 10.1007/s10961-018-9657-5
Hayter, C. S., Lubynsky, R., & Maroulis, S. (2017). Who is the academic entrepreneur? The role of graduate students in the development of university spinoffs. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 42(6), 1237-1254. DOI: 10.1007/s10961-016-9470-y
Herrera, F., Guerrero, M., & Urbano, D. (2018). Entrepreneurship and innovation ecosystem’s drivers: The role of higher education organizations. In Entrepreneurial,innovative and sustainable ecosystems. Springer, Cham, 109-128. DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-71014-3_6
Heydari, Z., Rahimiaghdam, S., & Hosseini, S. S. (2021). The Effect of Top Managers Support on Organizational Entrepreneurship with the Mediating Role of Affective Commitment of Faculty Members in University of Tabriz. Journal of Entrepreneurship Development, 14(1), 41-60. DOI: 10.22059/jed.2021.312423.653494 [In Persian].
Hochberg, Y., (2015). Accelerating Entrepreneurs and Ecosystems: The seed accelerator Model, Rice University,16(2), 25-51. https://doi.org/10.1086/684985
Holienka, M., Gal, P., & Kovačičová, Z. (2017). Drivers of student entrepreneurship in visegrad four countries: Guesss evidence. Central European Business Review, 6(2), 54-63. DOI:10.18267/j.cebr.180
Hubner, S., Most, F., Wirtz, J., & Auer, C. (2021). Narratives in entrepreneurial ecosystems: drivers of effectuation versus causation. Small Business Economics, 59(0123456789), 211–242. DOI:10.1007/s11187-021-00531-3
Isenberg, D. J. (2011). The entrepreneurship ecosystem strategy as a new paradigm for economic policy: principles for cultivating entrepreneurships. The Babson Entrepreneurship Ecosystem Project. Babson Park: MA: Babson College.
Isenberg, D. J. (2010). How to start an entrepreneurial revolution. Harvard Business Review, 88(6). https://hbr.org/2010/06/the-big-idea-how-to-start-an-entrepreneurial-revolution
Jalilian, N., zanjirchi, S., naghibizadeh meybodi, S. M., & Mohseni, S. M. A. (2021). Designing the path of empowering universities to create a role in the innovation ecosystem using an integrated approach of content analysis and fuzzy cognition mapping. Journal of Entrepreneurship Development, 14(2), 201-220. DOI: 10.22059/jed.2021.315173.653535 [In Persian].
Kalar, B., & Antoncic, B. (2015). The entrepreneurial university, academic activities and technology and knowledge transfer in four European countries. Technovation, 36, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2014.11.002
Karagöz, Ȫ. S., Birecikli., & Kocakoç, . D. (2021). Determinants of University Efficiency Focusing on Entrepreneurship and Innovation Activities. In Global, Regional and Local Perspectives on the Economies of Southeastern Europe, 299-314. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-57953-1_19
Kawai, H. (2017). Open Innovation University-Industry Collaboration: Student Idea Contests and Exit Strategy in Japan. JFMRA, 1(2), 31-48.
Keykha. A, & Pourkarimi, J. (2021). Research Synthesis Components of Entrepreneurship Ecosystem of Entrepreneurial University. Journal of Entrepreneurship Development, 14(2), 320-301. DOI: 10.22059/jed.2021.320332.653621
Khattab, I., & Al-Magli, O. O. (2017). Towards an integrated model of entrepreneurship ecosystem. Journal of Business & Economic Policy, 4(4),80-92.
Kobylińska, U., & Lavios, J. J. (2020). Development of research on the university entrepreneurship ecosystem: trends and areas of interest of researchers based on a systematic review of literature. Oeconomia Copernicana, 11(1), 117-133. https://doi.org/10.24136/oc.2020.005
Kumar, M., Carvalho,-S., & Carvalho, C. (2022). Employee Networking-Behavior: Sources, Challenges, and Support. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 24 (2),-142–150. DOI: 10.1177/15234223221078971
Lee, J. (2001). A grounded theory: integration and internalization in ERP adoption and use.
Manimala, M. J., Thomas, P., & Thomas, P. K. (2019). Perception of Entrepreneurial Ecosystem: Testing the Actor–Observer Bias. The Journal of Entrepreneurship, 28(2), 316-342. https://doi.org/10.1177/0971355719851908
Marchand, J., Hermens, A., & Sood, S. (2015). Student Entrepreneurship: a Research Agenda. International Journal of Organizational Innovation, 8(4), 27-43.
Mazzarol, T. (2014). Growing and sustaining entrepreneurial ecosystems: The role of regulation, infrastructure and financing. (SEAANZ White PaperSeries). Small Enterprise. Association of Australia and New Zealand (SEAANZ).
Meyer, M. H., Lee, C., Kelley, D., & Collier, G. (2019). An Assessment and Planning Methodology for University-based Entrepreneurship Ecosystems. In ICSB World Conference Proceedings. International Council for Small Business (ICSB), 1-10. DOI:10.1177/0971355720930571
Miao, Q., Eva, N., Newman A., & Cooper, B. (2019). CEO Entrepreneurial Leadership and Performance Outcomes of Top Management Teams in Entrepreneurial Ventures: The Mediating Effects of Psychological Safety. Journal of Small Business Management, 57(3), 1119-1135. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12465
Mohsenbeigi, M., & Mollamohammadi, M. (2020). Investigating the Impact of Social Capital on Intra-Organizational Entrepreneurship by Explaining the Mediating Role of Organizational Commitment in Kerman Treatment Management. Social Security Journal, 16(1), 175-204. [In Persian].
Moradnezhadi, H. (2024). The Promoters of the Entrepreneurship Ecosystem at Ilam University. Journal of Entrepreneurship Research, 3(1), 93-110. doi: 10.22034/jer.2024.2027333.1108 [In Persian].
Morris, M. H., Shirokova, G., & Tsukanova, T. (2017). Student entrepreneurship and the university ecosystem: A multi-country empirical exploration. European Journal of International Management, 11(1), 65-85. DOI:10.1504/EJIM.2017.081251
Motamedi Nia, Z., & Movahed Mohamadi, H. (2023). An Exploration of the Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Model in Agricultural Faculties From the Viewpoint of Agriculture Students. Journal of Entrepreneurship Research, 2(2), 75-90. doi: 10.22034/jer.2023.2007960.1050 [In Persian].
Novita, M., Ritonga, A. H., & Jalaludin, J. (2020). The Role of University-Based Entrepreneurship Ecosystems in Facing the Challenges of the Industrial Revolution 4.0. In 4th Asian Education Symposium (AES 2019), Atlantis Press, 220-223. DOI:10.2991/assehr.k.200513.049
O’Brien, E., Cooney, T. M., & Blenker, P. (2019). Expanding university entrepreneurial ecosystems to under-represented communities. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy, 8(3): 384-407. DOI: 10.1108/JEPP-03-2019-0025
Rasmussen, E., & Wright, M. (2015). How can universities facilitate academic spin-offs? An entrepreneurial competency perspective. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 40(5), 782-799. DOI:10.1016/j.respol.2011.04.006.
Roundy, P. T., & Fayard, D. (2019). Dynamic Capabilities and Entrepreneurial Ecosystems: The Micro-Foundations of Regional Entrepreneurship. Journal of Entrepreneurship, 28(1), 94–120. DOI:10.1177/0971355718810296
Russell, M. G., & Smorodinskaya, N. V. (2018). Leveraging complexity for ecosystemic innovation. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 136, 114-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2017.11.024
Salari, E., salehi, M., & Taghvaeeyazdi, M. (2021). Identifying Components and Measuring Relationships of Student Entrepreneurship Ecosystem Dimensions. Journal of Entrepreneurship Development, 14(3), 441-460. DOI:10.22059/jed.2021.325477.653686 [In Persian].
Scheidgen, K. (2021). Degrees of integration: how a fragmented entrepreneurial ecosystem promotes different types of entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 33(1–2), 54–79. DOI:10.1080/08985626.2020.1734263
Secundo, G., Mele, G., Del Vecchio, P., & Degennaro, G. (2020). Knowledge spillover creation in university-based entrepreneurial ecosystem: the role of the Italian “Contamination Labs”. Knowledge Management Research & Practice, 30, 1-15. DOI:10.1080/14778238.2020.1785347
Sherwood, A. (2018). University and the entrepreneurship ecosystem. In S. Globerman & J. Clemens (Eds.). Demographics and entrepreneurship: mitigating the effects of an aging population. Fraser Institute.
Shil, M., Shahriar, M. S., Sultana, S., Rahman, S. N., & Zayed, N. M. (2020). Introduction to University Based Entrepreneurship Ecosystem (U-Bee): A Model Case Study from Bangladesh. International Journal of Entrepreneurship, 24(1): 1-9.
Sidrat, S., & Frikha, M. A. (2018). Impact of the qualities of the manager and type of university on the development of the entrepreneurial university. The Journal of High Technology Management Research, 29(1), 27-34. DOI:10.1016/j.hitech.2018.04.003
Spigel, B., & Harrison, R. (2018). Toward a process theory of entrepreneurial ecosystems. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 12(1), 151–168. DOI:10.1002/sej.1268
Spigel, B. (2017). The relational organization of entrepreneurial ecosystems. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 41(1), 49-72. DOI:10.1111/etap.12167
Siegel, D. S., Wright, M., & Lockett, A. (2007). The rise of entrepreneurial activity at universities: organizational and societal implications. Industrial and Corporate Change, 16(4), 489-504. DOI:10.1093/icc/dtm015
Susur, E., Hidalgo, A., & Chiaroni, D. (2019). The emergence of regional industrial ecosystem niches: A conceptual framework and a case study. Journal of cleaner production, 208, 1642-1657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.10.163
Theodotou, M., Christoforou, C., & Anayiotos, C. P. (2012). Cyprus Entrepreneurship Ecosystem: A roadmap for economic growth. Nicosia: Curveball Ltd.
Wright, M., Siegel, D. S., & Mustar, P. (2017). An emerging ecosystem for student start-ups. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 42(4), 909-922. DOI:10.1007/s11187-016-9700-6.
Wurth, B., Howick, S., & MacKenzie, N. (2015). The dynamics of academic entrepreneurship: connecting universities and the ecosystem. In Technology Transfer Society Conference.
Zhen, K. O. N. G. (2016). Establishing an Effective Entrepreneurship Ecosystem in Vocational Colleges. DEStech Transactions on Social Science, Education and Human Science, (mess).

  • تاریخ دریافت 04 مرداد 1403
  • تاریخ بازنگری 02 شهریور 1403
  • تاریخ پذیرش 03 شهریور 1403