Introduction: Digital transformation in rural communities, as a modern driver of development, has created vast opportunities for economic growth in villages. Despite their significant capabilities in local production and economic activities, rural women face challenges in effectively utilizing new technologies and launching digital businesses. This study, focused on Golestan Province, aims to identify the limiting factors in the development of digital enterprises among rural women. The importance of this research lies in its exploration of existing barriers, providing a foundation for designing practical strategies to promote the economic and social empowerment of women.

Methodology: This study adopts a qualitative and exploratory approach. The statistical population includes rural women with experience in digital-based economic activities. A purposive sample of 60 participants was selected using specialized criteria aligned with the research objectives. Data were collected through semi-structured, in-person interviews, each averaging 45 minutes. Theoretical saturation was achieved when no new themes emerged and the data became repetitive. Data analysis was conducted using thematic analysis across three stages: open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. In the first stage, initial concepts were extracted; in the second, conceptual categorization was performed; and in the third, key themes were highlighted. For each theme, frequency and percentage were calculated using SPSS version 27, and based on these metrics, axial and overarching codes were prioritized. The final results were presented in the form of a coherent analytical framework.

Findings: The study identified five primary barriers—lack of supportive policies, insufficient technical training, traditional views on women's roles, absence of financial models, and limited access to digital equipment—with over 70% frequency among participants. In contrast, themes such as privacy concerns and lack of networking appeared with less than 40% frequency. Thematic analysis across four dimensions revealed that lack of training (75%), financial models (73.3%), supportive policies (80%), and cultural resistance (78.3%) were the most critical barriers in their respective domains. Overall, cultural, familial, and psychological factors accounted for the highest impact (26.49%) in limiting women's digital participation, while technological barriers had the lowest share (23.35%).

Conclusion/ Implications: The findings of this study indicate that cultural and familial barriers play the most significant role in limiting women's participation, emphasizing the influence of traditional mindsets and social conflicts. Economic and institutional challenges—such as lack of financial resources, absence of supportive policies, and weak legal infrastructure—also threaten the sustainability of businesses. Technological barriers, though less prominent, can either facilitate or hinder the effective use of digital capacities. Based on this analysis, four practical strategies are proposed: transforming cultural attitudes, providing microfinance, establishing support institutions, and designing localized educational platforms.